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Background: The rising prevalence of obesity represents an important public health issue. An assessment of its costs may be useful in providing recommendations for policy and decision makers. This systematic review aimed to assess the economic burden of obesity and to identify, measure and describe the different obesity-related diseases included in the selected studies. Methods: A systematic literature search of studies in the English language was carried out in Medline (PubMed) and Web of Science databases to select cost-of-illness studies calculating the cost of obesity in a study population aged ≥18 years with obesity, as defined by a body mass index of ≥30 kg/m², for the whole selected country. The time frame for the analysis was January 2011 to September 2016.
Results: The included twenty three studies reported a substantial economic burden of obesity in both developed and developing countries. There was considerable heterogeneity in methodological approaches, target populations, study time frames, and perspectives. This prevents an informative comparison between most of the studies. Specifically, there was great variety in the included obesity-related diseases and complications among the studies. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for public health measures to prevent obesity in order to save societal resources.
Moreover, international consensus is required on standardized methods to calculate the cost of obesity to improve homogeneity and comparability. This aspect should also be considered when including obesity-related diseases. Introduction Obesity is a condition in which fat accumulates in the body to a point where it is a risk factor or marker for a number of chronic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cancer, and has adverse effects on overall health [,,].
Body mass index (BMI), calculated as weight in kilogram (kg) divided by height in meters squared, is one of the most commonly used screening tools to measure and characterize obesity. A BMI of 25 to. Search Strategy A systematic search was performed to identify relevant articles published in databases from 1 January 2011 until 14 September 2016. The databases used were Medline and Web of Science. Additional publications were searched on Google Scholar from the reference lists of included studies and reviews by backward and forward snowball searches. The details of the searching strategy with key words and initial hits are provided in to ensure reproducibility and transparency of the work. Starcraft Brood War Setup Download. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria We included studies that satisfied the following criteria: (1) obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²; (2) the estimation was based on the entire country and a representative population; (3) the estimated COO could be either direct or indirect or both; (4) estimated costs were specific to obesity and not overweight; (5) the research was reported in English in a peer-reviewed journal; and (6) studies with any perspective (e.g., societal, health care or third-party payers) in cost estimations.
Studies were excluded if they were: (1) economic evaluations such as cost-effectiveness, cost-utility or cost-benefit analyses; (2) reviews, notes, commentaries, or editorials related to obesity; or (3) COO studies that included children aged. Selection and Data Extraction Following each search in the above mentioned databases, the initial hits were exported into EndNote.
After removing the duplicates, all titles and abstracts were screened to select the relevant studies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sygic Mobile Maps 10 V8 14 Keygen. The selection of the papers was done separately by two of the co-authors (Maximilian Tremmel and Sanjib Saha) who then checked the comparability of studies by reviewing a random sample of included and excluded studies after the initial screening. After removing studies that met the exclusion criteria during the initial screening, the full text of the remaining studies was assessed against the inclusion criteria and any differences were discussed and a consensus was reached.
A flow chart of the study selection procedure is presented in. Results We included twenty-three studies in this review [,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,]. Detailed characteristics of these studies are presented in. Eleven studies [,,,,,,,,,,] used a top-down (population-based) approach and eleven studies applied a bottom-up (person-based) approach [,,,,,,,,,,] to calculate the costs attributable to obesity.